UGC NTA/NET EXAM GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS 2021 

                                                GEOGRAPHY

geography ugc net 

Geography: Geography is a field of science focused on the examination of the territories, the features, the inhabitants, and the wonders of the Earth. A demanding understanding would be "to portray or explain the Earth". The fundamental individual to use "topography" was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC). Four recorded practices in geographical assessment are spatial examination of the standard and the human wonders

(geography as the examination of scattering), area ponders (spots and locale), examination of the man-land relationship, and investigation in the Earth sciences. In any case, current topography is a general control that main hopes to grasp the Earth and the sum of its human and typical complexities - About basically where things are, yet how they have changed and turn into. Geography has been assigned "the world request" and "the framework between the human and the genuine science". Geography is detached into two crucial branches: human geology and real geology.

 

                                   UNIT-I Geomorphology

Mainland Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic powers. Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and Process of Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, collapsing, blaming and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (tremors, volcanoes, avalanches and torrential slides)

 

                                 UNIT – II    Climatology

 Creation and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air dissemination, typhoons and anticyclones (tropical and mild), Climatic Classification of Koppen and Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and Cloudburst , Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change previously, Human effect on Global Climate.

 

                                  UNIT-III  Oceanography

Help of Oceans, Composition: Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone

 

                               UNIT – IV  Topography of Environment

 

Parts: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-compound, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programs and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International Programs and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto

 

                         UNIT – V Population and Settlement Geography 

Populace Geography

Wellsprings of populace information (evaluation, test reviews and essential measurements, information unwavering quality and mistakes). Total populace Distribution (measures, examples and determinants), World Population Growth (ancient to present day time frame). Segment Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Richness and Mortality Analysis (records, determinants and world examples). Relocation (types, causes and outcomes and models), Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, provincial metropolitan, word related construction and instructive levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries.

 

Settlement Geography

Provincial Settlements (types, examples and appropriation), Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements ( rustic metropolitan movement; land use changes; land securing and exchanges), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (elements of metropolitan development, patterns of urbanization, size, construction and elements of metropolitan regions). Metropolitan Systems ( the law of the primate city and rank size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch), Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman , and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing Urban Forms (peri-metropolitan regions, provincial metropolitan periphery, rural , ring and outer municipalities), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation of Poverty in the City (ghettos, casual area development, wrongdoing and social rejection).

UGC NTA/NET EXAM GEOGRAPHY

                  Unit–VI:  Topography of Economic Activities and Regional Development

 Monetary Geography

Elements influencing spatial association of financial exercises (essential, optional, tertiary and quarternary), Natural Resources (arrangement, circulation and related issues), Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries.

 

Horticultural Geography

Land ability order and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods of depicting crop mix locales (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop enhancement, Von Thunen's Model of Land Use Planning. Estimation and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional varieties in Agricultural Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World.

 

Mechanical Geography

 Order of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Loesch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalization on assembling area in Less Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World dispersion and development of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Education and R and D) Industries.

 

Topography of Transport and Trade

 Hypotheses and Models of spatial collaboration (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) Measures and Indices of network and availability; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variations, World Trade Organization, Globalization and Liberalization and World Trade Patterns. Issues and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade.

 

Local Development

 Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency hypothesis of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, Regional Development and Social Movements in India

 

                       Unit – VII: Cultural, Social and Political Geography

 

Social and Social Geography

Idea of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology. Social Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial circulation of gatherings of people in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language), Environment and Human Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, characterization and spatial and occasional distributional examples with unique reference to India) Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India.

 

Political Geography

Limits and Frontiers (with exceptional reference to India), Heartland and Rimland Theories. Patterns and Developments in Political Geography, Geography of Federalism, Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour, Geopolitics of Climate Change, Geopolitics of World Resources, Geo-governmental issues of India Ocean, Regional Organizations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU). Geopolitics of World Natural Resources.

                                Unit VIII: Geographic thought

Commitments of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese language and Indian pupils, Contributions of Geographers (Bernardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer and Hartshorne), impact of Darwinian idea on Geographical idea. current patterns in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological commitments. important Geographic Traditions (Earth science, man-weather relationship, region considers and spatial investigation), Dualisms in Geographic research (real versus human, territorial as opposed to unique, subjective versus quantitative, ideographic versus nomothetic), Paradigm Shift, perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and Postmodernism).

  

                               Unit IX: Geographical techniques

 Wellsprings of Geographic facts and facts (spatial and non-spatial), styles of Maps, techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dissymmetric, Chorochromatic, float Maps) facts illustration on Maps (Pie charts, Bar outlines and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector records corporations and function facts designs). factors of GIS (exchange, altering and exam), digital Elevation version (DEM), Georeferencing (facilitate framework and manual projections and Datum), GIS applications ( topical map making, spatial choice emotionally supportive network), fundamentals of faraway Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and structures, decision and brands, factors of Air photo and satellite tv for pc photograph Interpretation and Photogrammetry), kinds of Aerial pix, digital image Processing: traits in far off Sensing era and big statistics Sharing and its applications in natural assets management in India, GPS additives (area, ground manipulate and beneficiary fragments) and packages, applications of Measures of imperative Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling manner and speculation trying out (chi square take a look at, t check, ANOVA), Time collection analysis, Correlation and Regression analysis, dimension of Indices, Making indicators Scale free, Computation of Composite Index, primary component evaluation and Cluster evaluation, Morphometric evaluation: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and form component, Profiles, Slope evaluation, Planographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph.

 

                              Unit – X: Geography of India

 Main Physiographic areas and their traits; Drainage system (Himalayan and Peninsular), climate: Seasonal climate traits, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (instrument and attributes), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere, kinds and Distribution of natural resources: Soil, plant life, Water, Mineral and Marine resources. population characteristics (spatial examples of dissemination), growth and Composition (provincial metropolitan, age, sex, phrase associated, instructive, ethnic and strict), Determinants of population, populace regulations in India, Agriculture ( manufacturing, productivity and Yield of most important meals crops), predominant Crop areas, regional variations in Agricultural improvement, Environmental, Technological and Institutional factors influencing Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, inexperienced Revolution, meals protection and right to meals. Mechanical improvement because Independence, business regions and their attributes, industrial rules in India. development and patterns of transport Networks (rail routes, streets, streams, aviation routes and pipelines), internal and outside change (pattern, synthesis and bearings), regional improvement planning in India, Globalization and its effect on Indian financial system, natural failures in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland hazards and screw ups.)

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